The monograph analyzes a complex of ideas about federal relations in the ideology of Russian populism on the example of the views of A. I. Herzen, M. A. Bakunin, P. L. Lavrov and P. N. Tkachev. The author examines the origins of these ideas in the context of the development of the Russian liberation movement, shows the organic nature of federal ideas to its liberal and revolutionary-democratic directions, explains the conceptual interweaving, divergences and inconsistencies in the views of the federation among these thinkers. The comprehensive analysis of the listed questions undertaken by the researcher significantly enriches the historiography of the topic of Russian populism, reveals those of its aspects that have so far remained insufficiently studied. In addition, the cross-sectional analysis of the approaches of four prominent populist figures to federalist issues presented in the book makes it possible to clarify the assessments that have developed today in historical science of both these personalities themselves and their contribution to the development of post-reform social thought. The monograph is intended both for professional historians and social scientists, and in general for a wide range of people interested in the pre-revolutionary past of Russia.