A ribosome is one of the most ancient and important organoids of cage saving the general lines of organization at all now above-ground organisms. Genes, accountable for the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, forming a ribosome, and also genes, attendant the process of work of these genes, ripening of foods of transcription and transition of mature foods in active voice, form the largest полигенный complex, from the concerted work of that viability of separate cages and all organism depends on the whole. For a man the tandem clusters of рДНК are noncommunicative on the short shoulders of five acrocentric chromosomes. They form the so-called nucleolar organizers are specific areas of chromosomes, where karyonucleuss are formed in the telophase of mitosis. Literary and own data, studies of structure and functions of рДНК sanctified to the different aspects, are considered in a monograph, in details to the regulator elements of transcription of рРНК, внутрихромосомной, interchromosomal and evolutional changeability and description of extensive areas of genome, neighboring with the clusters of рДНК in nucleolar organizers. A monograph is counted on students, graduate students and teachers of biological departments of institutions of higher learning, and also wide circle of scientific scientific establishments.Work is supported by the underback of РФФИ № 16-04-00178.