“Dialogue with Evald Ilyenkov” is one of the last unfinished works of the outstanding philosopher Mikhail Lifshitz (1905–1983), at the center of which is the problem of the reality of the ideal. Solving it in the spirit of his ontogno-seology and theory of identities, Mikhail Lifshits enters into polemics not only with his friend and like-minded person Evald Ilyenkov, but also with the main directions of philosophical thought of our time. The Copernican turn of his ontognoseology lies in the program of Restauracio Magna - the return of the classics, the comprehension of which, according to Mikhail Lifshits, is accessible only to a free person. The publication was carried out with the financial support of the Alexander Institute (University of Helsinki, Finland) Publication by V.M. Herman, AM. Pichikyan and V.G. Arslanova Preparation of the text for publication and afterword by V.G. Arslanova