The monograph analyzes the phenomenon of utopianism. A negative attitude towards utopias, in the author’s opinion, is completely unjustified, since they represent substantive errors in which true ideas are inadequately contained. The founders of Marxism believed that by thorough, materialist criticism of their predecessors they had put an end to all utopianism. However, they certainly accepted utopian ideas about a commodityless, moneyless post-capitalist society, the abolition of the division of labor, and the specialization of workers in production. Moreover, they put forward and tried to scientifically substantiate the new utopian propositions they created about the historical mission of the proletariat as the destroyer of the capitalist system and the builder of a classless society, about the dictatorship of the proletariat, which is impossible in principle, since no dictatorship is carried out by a mass of people. These and a number of other provisions are the subject of critical analysis.